U.S. National Chemistry Olympiad: 1993 Local Test

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1. Which diagram is the best representation for a mixture of hydrogen and helium at 25 °C and 1 atm?

2. Which combination of 1 M solutions will produce a visible reaction when mixed?

Solution Mixtures:
I. HCl and Pb(NO₃)₂
II. HCl and NaOH
III. HCl and Na₂CO₃

(A) I and II only
(B) I and III only
(C) II and III only
(D) I, II, III

3. Which physical property would be most useful for determining whether two samples of metal are the same metal?

(A) mass
(B) volume
(C) color
(D) density

4. Which technique could be used to separate a homogeneous mixture?

Techniques:
I. chromatography
II. distillation
III. filtration

(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) I, II, III

5. How many of these elements are liquids at 25 °C and 1 atm?

Elements:
mercury
phosphorus
radon

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3

6. What is the mole fraction of methanol, CH₃OH, in a solution of methanol and water that contains 50 g of each?

(A) 0.18
(B) 0.36
(C) 0.50
(D) 0.64

7. Ammonia can be reacted with oxygen to form nitrogen(II) oxide and water according to the unbalanced equation

_NH₃ + _O₂ ---> _ NO + _H₂O

When this equation is balanced with the simplest set of whole number coefficients, the coefficients are

(A) 1,1,1,1
(B) 2,1,2,3
(C) 2,5,2,3
(D) 4,5,4,6

8. A lab manual directs a student to measure a piece of ribbon 5.00 cm long and calculate its mass from the mass of 100.00 cm of the ribbon (0.985 g). Why is this approach superior to simply cutting a 5.00 cm piece of ribbon and determining its mass on an electronic milligram balance?

(A) Magnesium ribbon can corrode the balance pan as it is being weighed
(B) Such a small piece of ribbon will not give a readout on a milligram balance
(C) The length can be measured more rapidly than the mass
(D) Measuring its length gives a more precise mass

9. What should be done to prepare 500.0 mL of a 0.200 M solution of NaCl?

The Molar Mass of NaCl is 58.45 g mol¯¹

(A) 11.7 g of NaCl should be dissolved in 500.0 mL of H₂O
(B) 11.7 g of NaCl should be dissolved in sufficient H₂O to give a total volume of 500.0 mL
(C) 5.85 g of NaCl should be dissolved in sufficient H₂O to give a total volume of 500.0 mL
(D) 2.92 g of NaCl should be dissolved in 500.0 mL of H₂O

10. Equal masses of O₂ and N₂ are reacted according to this equation:

O₂ + N₂ ---> 2 NO

Which statement is true?

(A) O₂ is the limiting reagent and N₂ is present in excess
(B) N₂ is the limiting reagent and O₂ is present in excess
(C) all of the O₂ and N₂ react and neither is in excess
(D) Nothing can be said about the limiting reagent

11. When a 0.817 g sample of a copper oxide is heated with excess hydrogen gas, 0.187 g of water is formed. What is the apparent formula of the copper oxide?

(A) CuO
(B) Cu₂O
(C) Cu₂O₃
(D) CuO₂

12. A reaction in which DS and DH are positive is expected to be

(A) nonspontaneous under all conditions
(B) spontaneous under all conditions
(C) more spontaneous at low temperatures
(D) more spontaneous at high temperatures

13. Which process or reaction has a positive DH?

(A) H₂O(l) ---> H₂O(s)
(B) 2 CH₃OH(l) + 3 O₂(g) ----> 2 CO₂(g) + 4 H₂O(l)
(C) CO₂(s) ---> CO₂(g)
(D) 2 Na(s) + Cl₂(g) ---> 2 NaCl (s)

14. For which process or reaction is DS positive at 25 °C?

(A) 2 NO₂(g) ---> N₂O₄(g)
(B) CO₂(g) ---> CO₂(s)
(C) CH₄(g) + 2 O₂(g) ---> CO₂(g) + 2 H₂O(l)
(D) 2 SO₃(g) --- > 2 SO₂(g) + O₂(g)

15. For the reaction

H₂(g) + I₂(s) ---> 2 HI(g) DH_rxn = 53.0 kJ

What will be the value of DH_rxn (in kJ) for this reaction ?

HI(g) ---> 1/2 H₂(g) + 1/2 I₂(s)

(A) 26.5
(B) 7.3
(C) -26.5
(D) -53.0

16. For the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and iodide ion in acid solution, represented by the equation:

H₂O₂ + 3I¯ + 2H⁺ ---> I₃¯ + 2 H₂O

these kinetic data are gathered:

What is the rate law for the reaction?

(A) Rate = k [H₂O₂] [I¯]
(B) Rate = k [H₂O₂] [I¯] [H⁺]
(C) Rate = k [H₂O₂]² [I¯]
(D) Rate = k [H₂O₂] [I¯]²

17. A small increase in temperature often causes a large increase in the rate of a chemical reaction. This effect is best attributed to

(A) a decrease in the activation energy of the reaction
(B) more frequent collisions at the higher temperature
(C) the occurrence of more collisions with the needed energy
(D) different reaction pathways at the higher temperature

18. Zinc metal reacts with excess HCl according to the equation:

Zn(s) + 2H⁺(aq) + 2Cl¯(aq) ----> Zn²⁺(aq) + 2Cl¯(aq) + H₂(g)

Which change will increase the rate of evolution of H₂?

Changes in Reaction Conditions
I. using zinc dust in place of chunks
II. using 2 M HCl in place of 1 M HCl
III. using 200 mL of 1 M HCl in place of 100 mL

(A) I only
(B) I and II only
(C) II and III only
(D) I, II, and III

19. Which of the indicated quantities in the reaction diagram will be affected by the addition of a catalyst?

(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) I and III only

20. Gases can be compressed more easily than liquids because

(A) gas molecules are larger than liquid molecules
(B) molecules move more slowly in gases than in liquids
(C) average intermolecular distances are greater in gases
(D) intermolecular forces increase as gas molecules are brought closer together

21. A mixture of N₂ (0.40 mol), O₂ (0.50 mol) and Ne (0.30 mol) exerts a pressure of 740 mmHg. What would be the pressure of the N₂ alone at the same temparature in the same container (in mmHg)?

(A) 740
(B) 400
(C) 333
(D) 247

22. At pressures below its triple point a substance can exist

(A) only as a gas.
(B) only as a solid.
(C) as a solid or a liquid.
(D) as a solid or a gas.

23. When a beaker of pure water is boiling vigorously, the bubbles that rise to the surface are composed primarily of

(A) air.
(B) hydrogen.
(C) hydrogen and oxygen.
(D) water vapor.

24. If the pressure of an ideal gas sample is tripled while the temperature is halved, which expression best describes the final volume?

(A) V_final = 0.06 x V_initial
(B) V_final = 0.167 x V_initial
(C) V_final = 0.667 x V_initial
(D) V_final = 1.5 x V_initial

25. A compound boils at 45 °C, does not conduct electricity appreciably as a pure liquid but produces an electrically-conducting solution when dissolved in water. When this substance is cooled below its freezing point (16 °C), what type of solid is formed?

(A) ionic
(B) metallic
(C) molecular
(D) network covalent

26. Chemical equilibrium is defined as the point when

(A) all reaction ceases.
(B) products and reactants are formed at equal rates.
(C) reactants are all converted to products.
(D) reactants and products are present at equal concentrations.

27. Which is true for a reaction with an equilibrium constant of 3.0 x 10¯¹⁵?

(A) The reactants are favored.
(B) The products are favored.
(C) Equilibrium will be reached slowly.
(D) Equilibrium will be reached rapidly.

28. The exothermic formation of ClF₃ is represented by the equation:

Cl₂(g) + 3 F₂(g) <===> 2 ClF₃(g) DH = -329 kJ

Which change will increase the quatity of ClF₃ in an equilibrium mixture of Cl₂, F₂, and ClF₃?

(A) increasing the temperature
(B) removing Cl₂
(C) increasing the volume of the container
(D) adding F₂

29. Which will be the same for solutions of 0.50 M NH₃ and 0.50 M NaOH?

Solution Variables:
I. concentration of OH¯ ion
II. volume of 0.20 M HCl required for neutralization

(A) I only
(B) both I and II
(C) II only
(D) neither I nor II

30. The solubility of which salt will be increased the most in 1 M HCl (relative to its solubility in H₂O)?

(A) BaCO₃
(B) PbCl₂
(B) NaNO₃
(D) CuSO₄

31. Which is the strongest acid?

(A) HF
(B) HNO₂
(C) H₂SO₄
(D) H₃PO₄

32. What is the pH of 20.0 mL of 0.050 M HCl?

(A) 1.30
(B) 1.70
(C) 2.60
(D) 3.00

33. Which is amphotheric (behaves either as an acid or as a base) in aqueous solution?

(A) HClO₃
(B) Ca(OCl)₂
(C) NaOH
(D) Zn(OH)₂

34. Which will yield the most acidic solution when 0.10 mol is mixed with 1 L of H₂O?

(A) CaO
(B) Al₂O₃
(C) SiO₂
(D) SO₂

35. When a particular aqueous solution is diluted by a factor of ten with H₂O, the pH increases by one pH unit. This solution most likely contains a

(A) weak acid
(B) strong base
(C) strong acid
(D) buffer

36. Which species can act as both an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent?

(A) F₂
(B) Cs
(C) ClO₄¯
(D) SO₃²¯

37. Which is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

(A) Cu + 4 HNO₃ ---> Cu(NO₃)₂ + 2 NO₂ + 2 H₂O
(B) AgNO₃ + NaBr ---> AgBr + NaNO₃
(C) Na₂O + H₂O ---> 2 NaOH
(D) NH₃ + HF ---> NH₄F

38. When this equation is balanced correctly, what is the coefficient for I₂?

__BrO₃¯ + __I¯ + __H⁺ ---> __Br¯ + __I₂ + __H₂O

(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 6

39. Which species contains the most neutrons?

(A) 26-Fe-59
(B) 29-Cu-61
(C) 30-Zn-61
(D) (30-Zn-60)²⁺

40. Which type of radiation changes both the atomic number and mass number of the emiting atom?

(A) alpha
(B) beta
(C) gamma
(D) X-ray

41. Which group of elements is listed in order of increasing boiling point?

(A) lithium, sodium, potassium
(B) chlorine, bromine, iodine
(C) sulfur, chlorine, argon
(D) zinc, cadmium, mercury

42. The formula for the oxide of an element, X, is X₂O₃. Which is the most likely formula for another compund of this element?

(A) XF₆
(B) XH₄
(C) X₂Cl₃
(D) X(NO₃)₃

43. Which element is the best electrical conductor?

(A) Al
(B) Si
(C) P
(D) Cl

44. Which is true about the relative sizes of these species?

(A) Na < Na⁺; F < F¯
(B) Na > Na⁺; F > F¯
(C) Na > Na⁺; F < F¯
(D) Na < Na⁺; F > F¯

45. Which atomic property generally increases down the periodic table but decreases from left to right across it?

(A) ionization energy
(B) atomic number
(C) principal quantum number
(D) atomic radius

46. How many valence electrons are present in the C₂O₄²¯ ion?

(A) 44
(B) 42
(C) 34
(D) 30

47. Which element combinations will form ionic compounds?

Element Combinations
I. Ca (Z = 20) and Ti (Z = 22)
II. Si (Z = 14) and Br (Z = 35)
III. Mg (Z = 12) and Cl (Z = 17)

(A) II only
(B) III only
(C) II and III
(D) I, II, and III

48. Which species is best represented by more than one Lewis structure (that is, exhibits resonance)?

(A) NH₄⁺
(B) O₃
(C) CO
(D) SF₄

49. Which molecule has the shortest bond length?

(A) N₂
(B) O₂
(C) F₂
(D) Cl₂

50. Which molecule will have the largest F-X-F bond angle?

(A) OF₂
(B) NF₃
(C) BF₃
(D) CF₄

51. Which piece of glassware should be used to measure 8.70 mL of a solution?

(A) 20-mL graduated cylinder
(B) 25-mL volumetric flask
(C) 50-mL buret
(D) 100-mL beaker

52. During flame tests, which set of metal salts gives the colors red, yellow, green and violet, respectively?

(A) Sr, Na, Ba, K
(B) Na, Ba, Sr, K
(C) Sr, K, Ba, Na
(D) K, NA, Ba, Sr

53. The density of an insoluble object is determined by weighing it on a balance, then submerging it in a graduated cylinder to find its volume. Based on the data collected, to how many significant figures should the density be reported?

(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4

54. When betitol, C₆H₁₂O₄, is burned with excess oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water, how many moles of oxygen are needed for each mole of betitol?

(A) 1
(B) 6
(C) 7
(D) 9

55. A 2.70 g sample of an unknown hydrocarbon was burned in excess oxygen to form 88.0 g of carbon dioxide and 27.0 g of water. What is a possible molecular formula for the hydrocarbon?

(A) CH₄
(B) C₂H₂
(C) C₄H₃
(D) C₄H₆

56. When 500.0 mL of 1.0 M LaCl₃ and 3.0 M NaCl are mixed, what is the molarity of the chloride ion?

(A) 4.0 M
(B) 3.0 M
(C) 2.0 M
(D) 1.5 M

57. How is each property affected when a nonvolatile solute is added to a pure solvent?

	Vapor pressure	freezing point	boiling point
(A)	increases	increases	increases
(B)	increases	decreases	increases
(C)	decreases	decreases	decreases
(D)	decreases	decreases	increases

58. How many joules are required to raise the temperature of 35.0 mL of liquid mercury from 25 °C to 38 °C?

(A) 6.6 x 10¹
(B) 2.5 x 10²
(C) 8.6 x 10²
(D) 6.2 x 10³

59. The reaction between gaseous ammonia and oxygen is given by the equation:

4 NH₃(g) + 7 O₂(g) ---> 4 NO₂(g) + 6 H₂O(l)
DH = -1397.8 kJ

What is the standard enthalpy of formation of NH₃(g) [in kJ mol¯¹], given these standard enthalpies of formation?

(A) -45.1
(B) -63.1
(C) -184.4
(D) -252.6

60. The reaction: 2 ICl + H₂ ---> 2 HCl + I₂ has been proposed to occur by this mechanism:

H₂ + ICl --- HCl + HI (slow)
HI + ICl --- HCl + I₂ (fast)

Which rate law best agrees with this information?

(A) Rate = k [H₂]
(B) Rate = k [ICl]²
(C) Rate = k [H₂] [ICl]²
(D) Rate = k [H₂] [ICl]

61. Which gas had an average molecular velocity that is 4 times as great as that of sulfur dioxide?

The Molar Mass of SO₂ is 64 g mol¯¹

(A) H₂ (M = 2 g mol¯¹)
(B) He (M = 4 g mol¯¹)
(C) CH₄ (M = 16 g mol¯¹)
(D) O₂ (M = 32 g mol¯¹)

62. For the reaction;

2 NO(g) + O₂(g) <===> 2 NO₂(g)

the equilibrium concentrations at a certain temperature are found to be [NO] = 0.10 M, [O₂] = 0.20 M, [NO₂] = 0.30 M. The value of the equilibrium constant for this reaction at this temperature is

(A) 1.5
(B) 15
(C) 45
(D) 150

63. A solution of Na₂CO₃ is added slowly to a solution initially containing equal concentrations of Ba²⁺, Cd²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions. Which compound will precipitate first?

(A) BaCO₃
(B) FeCO₃
(C) CdCO₃
(D) ZnCO₃

64. According to the equations;

H₂CO₃ + H₂O <===> H₃O⁺ + HCO₃¯

HCO₃¯ + H₂O <===> H₃O⁺ + CO₃²¯

what is the conjugate base of HCO₃-?

(A) H₂CO₃
(B) CO₃²¯
(C) H₂O
(D) H₃O⁺

65. What is the [OH¯] in the final solution prepared by mixing 20.0 mL of 0.050 M HCl with 30.0 mL of 0.10 M of Ba(OH)₂?

(A) 0.12 M
(B) 0.10 M
(C) 0.40 M
(D) 0.0050 M

66. What voltage will be produced by the electrochemical cell?

(A) 2.97V
(B) 1.55V
(C) -1.81V
(D) -2.97V

67. How many grams of cobalt metal will be deposited when a solution of cobalt(II) chloride is electrolyzed with a current of 10. amperes for 109 minutes?

(A) 0.66
(B) 4.0
(C) 20
(D) 40

68. Which element will have the greatest number of unpaired electrons?

(A) Co (Z = 27)
(B) Ni (Z = 28)
(C) Cu (Z = 29)
(D) Ga (Z = 31)

69. What is the hybridization of the carbon that is bonded to the nitrogen?

(A) sp
(B) sp2
(C) sp3
(D) dsp3

70. Which molecule is polar?

(A) CO₂
(B) NH₃
(C) SiCl₄
(D) PF₅