|
|
 |
Directing Groups
| Ortho-Para Directors |
Meta Directors |
| Strong activators |
- -NH2 (amino)
- -OH (hydroxy)
|
| Moderate activators |
- NHCOCH3 (acetamide)
- OCOCH3 (acetoxy)
- OR (alkoxy)
|
| Weak activators |
- CH3 (methyl)
- C6H5 (phenyl)
|
|
| Strong deactivators |
- -NO2 (nitro)
- -NR3 (ammonium)
- -CX3 (trihalomethyl)
|
| Moderate deactivators |
- -CN (cyano or nitrile)
- -SO3H (sulfonic acid)
- -CHO (aldehyde)
- -COR (ketone)
- -COOH (carboxyl)
|
|
Weakly Deactivating Ortho-Para
directors |
| -F |
-Cl |
-Br |
-I |
| (fluoro) |
(chloro) |
(bromo) |
(iodo) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
 |
